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1 Psychrometer von August
сущ.пищ. психрометр АвгустаУниверсальный немецко-русский словарь > Psychrometer von August
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2 August
nounAugust, derlast/next August — letzten/nächsten August
the first of/on the first of August or on August [the] first — der erste/am ersten August
1[st] August — (as date on document) 1. August
every August — jeden August; jedes Jahr im August
from August to October — von August bis Oktober
* * *['o:ɡəst](the eighth month of the year.) der August* * *[ˈɔ:gəst, AM ˈɑ:-]* * *['ɔːgəst]nAugust m → also academic.ru/65974/September">SeptemberSee:→ also September* * *in August im August* * *nounAugust, derlast/next August — letzten/nächsten August
the first of/on the first of August or on August [the] first — der erste/am ersten August
1[st] August — (as date on document) 1. August
every August — jeden August; jedes Jahr im August
* * *n.August m. -
3 august
nounAugust, derlast/next August — letzten/nächsten August
the first of/on the first of August or on August [the] first — der erste/am ersten August
1[st] August — (as date on document) 1. August
every August — jeden August; jedes Jahr im August
from August to October — von August bis Oktober
* * *['o:ɡəst](the eighth month of the year.) der August* * *[ˈɔ:gəst, AM ˈɑ:-]* * *['ɔːgəst]nAugust m → also academic.ru/65974/September">SeptemberSee:→ also September* * *august [ɔːˈɡʌst] adj (adv augustly)1. ehrwürdig (Persönlichkeit etc), (auch Versammlung etc) erlaucht2. eindrucksvoll, großartig (Vorstellung etc)* * *nounAugust, derlast/next August — letzten/nächsten August
the first of/on the first of August or on August [the] first — der erste/am ersten August
1[st] August — (as date on document) 1. August
every August — jeden August; jedes Jahr im August
* * *n.August m. -
4 August II. der Starke
Август II Сильный (1670-1733), с 1694 г. курфюрст Саксонский (Friedrich August I., Kurfürst von Sachsen), в 1697 г. принял католицизм, чтобы стать польским королём. Потерпел поражение в Северной войне от Карла XII. При нём Дрезден стал знаменитой "столицей барокко" (Barockresidenz) → Dresden, Barock, Fürstenzug, Cosel-Turm auf der Burg StolpenГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > August II. der Starke
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5 Von-Der-Heydt-Museum
nМузей Фон Дер Хайдта, художественная галерея в Вуппертале. Представлено искусство мастеров XIX и XX вв. различных направлений, в т.ч. одно из богатейших собраний немецкого экспрессионизма (работы Марка, Макке, Бекмана, Кирхнера, Шмидт-Ротлуфа и др.) и импрессионизма (Коринт, Либерман). Большое место занимает собрание художницы Паулы Модерзон-Беккер. Представлены также работы Пикассо, сюрреалистов Эрнста, Дали. Музей создан на основе дара частных коллекционеров, прежде всего, семьи фон дер Хайдт → Wuppertal, Expressionismus, Impressionismus, Marc Franz, Macke August, Beckmann Max, Kirchner Ernst Ludwig, Schmidt-Rottluff Karl, Corinth Lovis, Liebermann Max, Modersohn-Becker PaulaГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Von-Der-Heydt-Museum
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6 Ohain, Hans Joachim Pabst von
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 14 December 1911 Dessau, Germany[br]German engineer who designed the first jet engine to power an aeroplane successfully.[br]Von Ohain studied engineering at the University of Göttingen, where he carried out research on gas-turbine engines, and centrifugal compressors in particular. In 1935 he patented a design for a jet engine (in Britain, Frank Whittle patented his jet-engine design in 1930). Von Ohain was recruited by the Heinkel company in 1936 to develop an engine for a jet aircraft. Ernst Heinkel was impressed by von Ohain's ideas and gave the project a high priority. The first engine was bench tested in September 1937. A more powerful version was developed and tested in air, suspended beneath a Heinkel dive-bomber, during the spring of 1939. A new airframe was designed to house the revolutionary power plant and designated the Heinkel He 178. A short flight was made on 24 August 1939 and the first recognized flight on 27 August. This important achievement received only a lukewarm response from the German authorities. Von Ohain's turbojet engine had a centrifugal compressor and developed a thrust of 380 kg (837 lb). An improved, more powerful, engine was developed and installed in a new twin-engined fighter design, the He 280. This flew on 2 April 1941 but never progressed beyond the prototype stage. By this time two other German companies, BMW and Junkers, were constructing successful turbojets with axial compressors: luckily for the Allies, Hitler was reluctant to pour his hard-pressed resources into this new breed of jet fighters. After the war, von Ohain emigrated to the United States and worked for the Air Force there.[br]Bibliography1929, "The evolution and future of aeropropulsion system", The Jet Age. 40 Years of Jet Aviation, Washington, DC: National Air \& Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.Further ReadingVon Ohain's work is described in many books covering the history of aviation, and aero engines in particular, for example: R.Schlaifer and S.D.Heron, 1950, Development of Aircraft Engines and fuels, Boston. G.G.Smith, 1955, Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion.Grover Heiman, 1963, Jet Pioneers.JDSBiographical history of technology > Ohain, Hans Joachim Pabst von
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7 Braun, Wernher Manfred von
[br]b. 23 March 1912 Wirsitz, Germanyd. 16 June 1977 Alexandria, Virginia, USA[br]German pioneer in rocket development.[br]Von Braun's mother was an amateur astronomer who introduced him to the futuristic books of Jules Verne and H.G.Wells and gave him an astronomical telescope. He was a rather slack and undisciplined schoolboy until he came across Herman Oberth's book By Rocket to Interplanetary Space. He discovered that he required a good deal of mathematics to follow this exhilarating subject and immediately became an enthusiastic student.The Head of the Ballistics and Armaments branch of the German Army, Professor Karl Becker, had asked the engineer Walter Dornberger to develop a solid-fuel rocket system for short-range attack, and one using liquid-fuel rockets to carry bigger loads of explosives beyond the range of any known gun. Von Braun joined the Verein für Raumschiffsfahrt (the German Space Society) as a young man and soon became a leading member. He was asked by Rudolf Nebel, VfR's chief, to persuade the army of the value of rockets as weapons. Von Braun wisely avoided all mention of the possibility of space flight and some financial backing was assured. Dornberger in 1932 built a small test stand for liquid-fuel rockets and von Braun built a small rocket to test it; the success of this trial won over Dornberger to space rocketry.Initially research was carried out at Kummersdorf, a suburb of Berlin, but it was decided that this was not a suitable site. Von Braun recalled holidays as a boy at a resort on the Baltic, Peenemünde, which was ideally suited to rocket testing. Work started there but was not completed until August 1939, when the group of eighty engineers and scientists moved in. A great fillip to rocket research was received when Hitler was shown a film and was persuaded of the efficacy of rockets as weapons of war. A factory was set up in excavated tunnels at Mittelwerk in the Harz mountains. Around 6,000 "vengeance" weapons were built, some 3,000 of which were fired on targets in Britain and 2,000 of which were still in storage at the end of the Second World War.Peenemünde was taken by the Russians on 5 May 1945, but by then von Braun was lodging with many of his colleagues at an inn, Haus Ingeburg, near Oberjoch. They gave themselves up to the Americans, and von Braun presented a "prospectus" to the Americans, pointing out how useful the German rocket team could be. In "Operation Paperclip" some 100 of the team were moved to the United States, together with tons of drawings and a number of rocket missiles. Von Braun worked from 1946 at the White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico, and in 1950 moved to Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama. In 1953 he produced the Redstone missile, in effect a V2 adapted to carry a nuclear warhead a distance of 320 km (199 miles). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was formed in 1958 and recruited von Braun and his team. He was responsible for the design of the Redstone launch vehicles which launched the first US satellite, Explorer 1, in 1958, and the Mercury capsules of the US manned spaceflight programme which carried Alan Shepard briefly into space in 1961 and John Glenn into earth orbit in 1962. He was also responsible for the Saturn series of large, staged launch vehicles, which culminated in the Saturn V rocket which launched the Apollo missions taking US astronauts for the first human landing on the moon in 1969. Von Braun announced his resignation from NASA in 1972 and died five years later.[br]Bibliography1981, with F.L.Ordway, History of Rocketry and Space TravelFurther ReadingP.Marsh, 1985, The Space Business, Penguin. J.Trux, 1985, The Space Race, New English Library. T.Osman, 1983, Space History, Michael Joseph.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Braun, Wernher Manfred von
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8 Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 April 1818 Giessen, Germanyd. 2 May 1892 Berlin, Germany[br]German organic chemist.[br]The son of an architect, Hofmann began studying law and languages but was increasingly drawn to chemistry, attracted by Liebig's teaching at Giessen. In 1841 Hofmann took his doctorate with a study of coal tar. He became Privatdozent at Bonn University in 1845, but later that year he was persuaded to take up the post of first Director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London, after tenure was guaranteed as a result of Prince Albert's influence. He remained there for twenty years until he was offered professorships in chemistry at Bonn and Berlin. He accepted the latter. Hofmann continued the method of teaching chemistry, based on laboratory instruction, developed by Liebig at Giessen, and extended it to England and Berlin. A steady stream of well-trained chemists issued forth from Hofmann's tuition, concerning themselves especially with experimental organic chemistry and the industrial applications of chemistry. In 1848 one of his students, C.B. Mansfield, devised the method of fractional distillation of coal tar, to separate pure benzene, xylene and toluene, thus laying the foundations of the coal-tar industry. In 1856 another student, W.H. Perkin, prepared the first synthetic dyestuff, aniline purple, heralding the great dyestuffs industry, in which several other of his students distinguished themselves. Although keenly interested in the chemistry of dyestuffs, Hofmann did not pursue their large-scale preparation, but he stressed the importance of scientific research for success on a commercial scale. Hofmann's stimulus in this direction flagged after his return to Germany, and this was a factor in the failure of British industry to follow up their initial advantage and allow it to pass to Germany. In 1862 Hofmann prepared a dye from a derivative of triphenylmethane, which he called rosaniline. From this he derived a series of beautiful colours, ranging from blue to violet, which he patented as "Hofmann's violets" the following year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsEnnobled 1888.Further ReadingJ.Volhard and E.Fischer, 1902, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, ein Lebensbild, Berlin (the basic biography).K.M.Hammond, 1967, bibliography, unpublished, (Diploma in Librarianship, London University (lists 373 items; deposited in University College, London)).LRDBiographical history of technology > Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
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9 Parseval, August von
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1861d. 22 February 1942 Berlin, Germany[br]German designer of tethered observation balloons and non-rigid airships.[br]Major von Parseval and his colleague Captain von Sigsfeld were serving in the German army during the 1890s when improved military observation from the air was being pursued. Tethered observation balloons, raised and lowered by a winch, had been used since 1794, but in strong winds a spherical balloon became very unstable. Manned kites were being developed by "Colonel" S.F. Cody, in Britain, and others, but kites were a problem if the wind dropped. A very successful compromise was achieved in 1897 by von Parseval and von Sigsfeld, who developed a kite-balloon, the Drachen ("Dragon"), which was elongated like an airship and fitted with large inflated fins. It was attached to its tethering cable in such a way that it flew with a positive incidence (nose up) to the wind, thus producing some lift—like a kite. The combination of these factors made the kite-balloon very stable. Other countries followed suit and a version designed by the Frenchman Albert Caquot was widely used during the First World War for observing the results of artillery fire. Caquot balloons were also used around London as a barrage to obstruct enemy aircraft, and "barrage balloons" were widely used during the Second World War. After working at a government balloon factory in Berlin where non-rigid airships were built, von Parseval designed his own non-rigid airship. The Parseval I which flew in 1906 was small, but larger and faster non-rigids followed. These were built by Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H. of Berlin founded in 1908 to build and operate Parseval airships. The British Admiralty ordered three Parseval airships, two to be built by Vickers of Barrow (who had built the rigid airship R 1 Mayfly in 1911), and one to be built in Berlin. This one was flown from Berlin to Farnborough in 1913 and joined the Vickers-built Parseval in the Naval Air Service. During the First World War, Parseval airships had the unique distinction of serving on both sides. Three small Parseval airships were built between 1929 and 1932 for use in advertising.[br]Further ReadingA.Hildebrandt, 1908, Airships Past and Present, London (describes the kite-balloon). Fred Gütschow, 1985, Das Luftschiff, Stuttgart (includes a record of all the airships). Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).Basil Collier, 1974, The Airship: A History, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work). -
10 Blücher Gebhard Leberecht von
Блюхер Гебхард Леберехт фон (1742-1819), прусский военачальник периода Освободительных войн, современники называли его "маршал Вперёд" (Marschall Vorwärts). Вместе с Гнайзенау одержал ряд побед над французами, участвовал в Битве народов при Ляйпциге, вместе с английским полководцем Веллингтоном разгромил армию Наполеона при Ватерлоо. С Блюхером связана пословица "Rangehen wie Blücher" ("Стремительно как Блюхер") → Befreiungskriege, Gneisenau August von, Clausewitz Carl Philipp Gottlieb von, Scharnhorst Gerhard von, Schlacht bei LeipzigГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Blücher Gebhard Leberecht von
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11 Gneisenau August von
Гнайзенау Август фон (1760-1831), прусский военачальник периода Освободительных войн. Вместе с Блюхером одержал ряд побед над французами, участвовал в Битве народов при Ляйпциге, в битве при Ватерлоо. Настойчиво предлагал организовать в Северной Германии народную войну против Наполеона, его идея была поддержана Клаузевицем, Шарнхорстом, но не королём. Занимался разработкой реформы армии, которая была проведена только после поражения Наполеона в России. Похоронен в мавзолее в его имении Зоммершенбург (Sommerschenburg), перед мавзолеем установлена мраморная статуя полководца → Befreiungskriege, Blücher Gebhard Leberecht von, Clausewitz Carl Philipp Gottlieb von, Scharnhorst Gerhard vonГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Gneisenau August von
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12 Scharnhorst Gerhard Johann von
Шарнхорст Герхард Иоганн фон (1755-1813), прусский генерал, в 1807-1811 гг. возглавлял военное ведомство и генштаб, вместе с Гнайзенау провёл реорганизацию прусской армии (среди прочего настаивал на отмене телесных наказаний в армии, изменил систему призыва, реорганизовал министерство). Участник войн против Наполеона, умер от ран → Blücher Gebhard Leberecht von, Gneisenau August von, Clausewitz Carl Philipp Gottlieb vonГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Scharnhorst Gerhard Johann von
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13 Clausewitz Carl Philipp Gottlieb von
Клаузевиц Карл Филипп Готтлиб фон(1780-1831), прусский генерал и военный теоретик. Его труды о стратегии, тактике и философии повлияли на развитие военного дела в западных странах, преподаются в современных военных академиях, при обучении маркетингу и предпринимательскому делу. Участник Освободительных войн, с 1809 г. при штабе Шарнхорста работал над реформами армии. С 1812 г. служил в русской армии, участвовал в освобождении России от Наполеона, в битве при Ватерлоо. Друг и соратник Гнайзенау → Befreiungskriege, Gneisenau August, Blücher Gebhard Leberecht von, Scharnhorst Gerhard vonГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Clausewitz Carl Philipp Gottlieb von
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14 Eosander Johann Friedrich von
тж. Eosander von GötheЭозандер Иоганн Фридрих фон (1669-1728), придворный архитектор прусского короля Фридриха Вильгельма I, шведского короля Карла II, саксонского курфюрста Августа Сильного → Friedrich Wilhelm I., Schloss Charlottenburg, August II. der StarkeГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Eosander Johann Friedrich von
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15 Hoffmann von Fallersleben August Heinrich
Гофман фон Фаллерслебен Август Генрих (1798-1874), поэт, филолог-германист, автор "Песни немцев", многих детских песен, ставших народными, сам изучал историю немецкой народной песни. Считается одним из наиболее значительных политических лириков домартовского периода. В 1842 г. после издания "Неполитических песен" ("Unpolitische Lieder") был уволен со службы, выслан за пределы Пруссии, реабилитирован в 1848 г. Родился в нижнесаксонском г. Фаллерслебен. В истории литературы известен под именем "Гофман фон Фаллерслебен", о чём сам поэт писал: "Ich dachte an die Heimat eben, darum schrieb ich mich: von Fallersleben" ("Я думал всегда о своей родине, когда называл себя "из Фаллерслебена"). Музей и памятник в г. Фаллерслебен, памятники в г. Хёкстер-Корвей (Höxter-Corvey) и на острове Гельголанд → Das Lied der Deutschen, Vormärz, HelgolandГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Hoffmann von Fallersleben August Heinrich
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16 Hofmann August Wilhelm von
Гофман (Хофман) Август Вильгельм фон (1818-1892), химик. Родился в Гисене, учился у Юстуса фон Либиха, который ввёл лабораторные занятия как метод обучения, позволявший студентам самостоятельно ставить эксперименты. Великолепные условия обучения дали свой результат. Синтезом анилиновых красителей фон Хофман заложил основы производства красителей. Кроме того ему удалось открыть ароматические амины в углеводороде и формальдегид → Liebig Justus von, GießenГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Hofmann August Wilhelm von
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17 Humboldt Wilhelm von
Гумбольдт Вильгельм фон (1767-1835), философ, филолог, государственный деятель, брат А.Гумбольдта. Философские воззрения Гумбольдта сформировались в свете идей немецкой классической философии. По теории Гумбольдта исторический процесс является результатом деятельности духовной силы, которая не поддаётся познанию. Создал сравнительно-исторический метод исследования языков, занимался проблемами герменевтики. Лингвистическая концепция Гумбольдта возникла как реакция на антиисторическую и механистическую концепцию языка XVII-XVIII вв., на логические и универсалистские концепции. Она опирается на идеи Гердера о природе и происхождении языка, о взаимосвязи языка, мышления и "духа народа, а также на типологическую классификацию языков Ф. и А. Шлегелей. Осуществил реформу образования в Пруссии, основал в 1809 г. Берлинский университет → Humboldt Alexander von, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Herder Johann Gottfried, Schlegel Friedrich, Schlegel August WilhelmГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Humboldt Wilhelm von
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18 Abel, Sir Frederick August
[br]b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, Englandd. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England[br]English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.[br]His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.Bibliography1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.CMBiographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August
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19 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 31 August 1821 Potsdam, Germanyd. 8 September 1894 Berlin, Germany[br]German physicist and man of science, inventor of the ophthalmoscope.[br]Constrained by poverty despite displaying considerable gifts, particularly in the realm of mathematics, he became a surgeon in the Prussian Army but was able to undertake research; in 1842 he wrote a thesis on the discovery of nerve cells in ganglia. He became Professor of Physiology in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) in 1849. moving to a similar post in Bonn in 1855, to Heidelberg in 1858, and the Chair of Physic in Berlin in 1871. This latter included the directorship of the physicotechnical institute at Charlottenburg.His investigations over the years encompassed almost the whole field of science, including physiology, physiological optics, physiological acoustics, chemistry, mathematics, electricity and magnetism, meteorology and theoretical mechanics. He also made important additions to the understanding of putrefaction and fermentation.Helmholtz's contributions to the understanding of vision and optics ranged widely, but one of the most significant was the definitive development of the ophthalmoscope in 1851. Incorporating some of the aspects of Babbage's original suggestions (which were not brought to practical fruition), his instrument inaugurated a new diagnostic era in ophthalmology, particularly when his method of direct ophthalmoscopy was supplemented by the indirect method of Ruete. His personal life was uneventful, in contrast to his inventive achievements, which were perhaps unequalled in scope in his century. Michael Faraday's tribute, "the absolute simplicity, modesty and untroubled purity of his disposition had a charm such as I have never encountered in another man", is therefore all the more to be valued.[br]Bibliography1850. "The ophthalmoscope", Physikalische Gesellschaft, Berlin.1851. Beschreibung eines Augen-Spiegels zur Untersuchung der Netzhaut im lebenden Auge, Berlin. 1856–66, Physiological Optics (2 vols).Further ReadingL.Konigsberger, 1906, trans. F.A.Welby, Hermann von Helmholtz, Oxford.MGBiographical history of technology > Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von
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20 Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities[br]b. 24 August 1772 Durlach, Baden, Germanyd. 21 May 1826 Munich, Germany[br]German engineer.[br]While he was attending the Military School at Mannheim, Reichenbach drew attention to himself due to the mathematical instruments that he had designed. On the recommendation of Count Rumford in Munich, the Bavarian government financed a two-year stay in Britain so that Reichenbach could become acquainted with modern mechanical engineering. He returned to Mannheim in 1793, and during the Napoleonic Wars he was involved in the manufacture of arms. In Munich, where he was in the service of the Bavarian state from 1796, he started producing precision instruments in his own time. His basic invention was the design of a dividing machine for circles, produced at the end of the eighteenth century. The astronomic and geodetic instruments he produced excelled all the others for their precision. His telescopes in particular, being perfect in use and of solid construction, soon brought him an international reputation. They were manufactured at the MathematicMechanical Institute, which he had jointly founded with Joseph Utzschneider and Joseph Liebherr in 1804 and which became a renowned training establishment. The glasses and lenses were produced by Joseph Fraunhofer who joined the company in 1807.In the same year he was put in charge of the technical reorganization of the salt-works at Reichenhall. After he had finished the brine-transport line from Reichenhall to Traunstein in 1810, he started on the one from Berchtesgaden to Reichenhall which was an extremely difficult task because of the mountainous area that had to be crossed. As water was the only source of energy available he decided to use water-column engines for pumping the brine in the pipes of both lines. Such devices had been in use for pumping purposes in different mining areas since the middle of the eighteenth century. Reichenbach knew about the one constructed by Joseph Karl Hell in Slovakia, which in principle had just been a simple piston-pump driven by water which did not work satisfactorily. Instead he constructed a really effective double-action water-column engine; this was a short time after Richard Trevithick had constructed a similar machine in England. For the second line he improved the system and built a single-action pump. All the parts of it were made of metal, which made them easy to produce, and the pumps proved to be extremely reliable, working for over 100 years.At the official opening of the line in 1817 the Bavarian king rewarded him generously. He remained in the state's service, becoming head of the department for roads and waterways in 1820, and he contributed to the development of Bavarian industry as well as the public infrastructure in many ways as a result of his mechanical skill and his innovative engineering mind.[br]Further ReadingBauernfeind, "Georg von Reichenbach" Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 27:656–67 (a reliable nineteenth-century account).W.Dyck, 1912, Georg v. Reichenbach, Munich.K.Matschoss, 1941, Grosse Ingenieure, Munich and Berlin, 3rd edn. 121–32 (a concise description of his achievements in the development of optical instruments and engineering).WKBiographical history of technology > Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von
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